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Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care.

At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.^[1] This number however declined to around 36 million in 2015, and to around 25 million in 2016.^[2][3] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 32 million, and in 2018 to 39,5 million visitors^[4][5][6]

• 1Destinations
• 2Development of tourism
  • 2.2Security threats to tourists

Destinations[edit]

Istanbul[edit]

Istanbul is one of the most important tourism spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city, catering to both vacationers and visiting professionals. Turkey's largest city and metropolis and a leading global city, Istanbul, has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. These include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the 'Blue Mosque'), the Hagia Sophia, the Topkapı Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Spice Bazaar, and the Pera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such as Metrocity, Akmerkez and Cevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017.^[7]

As a consequence of the continuous fall in tourism to Turkey in recent years, as of October 2016 in Istanbul's famous bazaar once crowded shopping streets are not as crowded as before, 'the streams of tourists who used to visit the market each day have trickled to a halt.'^[2] The number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul declined to 9.2 million in 2016, a 26 percent decrease compared to 2015.^[8]

Other destinations[edit]

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey.^[9] Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Çeşme, Didim and Alanya. Also Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping.^[10]

Lots of cultural attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites of Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, House of the Virgin Mary, Pamukkale, Hierapolis, Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is the Sümela Monastery), Konya (where the poet Rumi had spent most of his life), Didyma, Church of Antioch, ancient pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis in Amasya, religious places in Mardin (such as Deyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes of Cappadocia.

Diyarbakır is also an important historic city, although tourism is on a relatively small level due to waning armed conflicts.

Ankara has an historic old town, and although it is not exactly a tourist city, is usually a stop for travelers who go to Cappadocia. The city enjoys an excellent cultural life too, and has several museums. The Anıtkabir is also in Ankara. It is the mausoleum of Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey.

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site of World War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following the landing at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign.

Development of tourism[edit]

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 21.2 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues were US$17.5 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according to UNWTO World Tourism barometer.^[12] See World Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.^[1] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline.^[13][14] In 2016, only around 25 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a 'year of devastating losses', with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they 'cannot remember a worse time in the sector'.^[2] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 32.4 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again.^[4][5] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets.^[15]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector^[16] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016.^[17] After the April 2017 constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded.^[18] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by the TUI Group alone.^[19]

Foreign visitor arrivals[edit]

Most tourist arrivals in Turkey are from the following countries of nationality^[20][21][22]

Security threats to tourists[edit]

Threats from terrorism[edit]

During the 1990s, the PKK tried to damage the Turkish tourism industry by bombing hotels.^[23][24] Kidnappings of foreign tourists were also reported in this period.^[23][24] An academic article published in 2011 in the British peer-reviewed economics journal Applied Economics, suggested there is strong econometric evidence that attacks by the PKK have had a negative impact on Turkish tourism.^[25]

Due to the recent flare in Turkey- PKK conflict, nine countries, among them Russia and Germany, have issued travel advisories. Seven other countries, New Zealand, Australia, Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland and Canada, discouraged their citizens to visit the eastern part of Turkey. Some countries have also issued advisories concerning public transportation within metropolitan cities throughout Turkey. Germany and Russia have discouraged their citizens to visit places near the border.^[26]

Tourism Book Pdf

Following an ISIL attack, the British Foreign Office highlighted a heightened threat of attacks but did not advise against travel to Turkey, as the vast majority of Turkey remained 'perfectly safe' to visit.^[27] On 3 September 2015, due to the recent violence concerning the Turkey-Islamic State conflict, the United States State Department released an advisory about the ongoing violence in Turkey. In the advisory, the State Department notes that militants have conducted attacks on U.S. interests in the country and that there's a potential for recurring violence.^[28] On 9 April 2016, due to additional 'credible threats' of violence, the United States released a warning for its citizens to refrain from visiting popular tourist areas such as Antalya and Istanbul.^[29][30]

In the aftermath of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt on 15 July, the United States State Department prohibited U.S. airline carriers from flying to or from Turkey. The U.S. Embassy in Turkey stated that the security at Istanbul's Atatürk airport is 'significantly diminished' and the State Department advised U.S. citizens to reconsider travel to Turkey, and warned of threats of terrorism.^[31][32] The prohibition was revoked and the flights recommenced on 18 July.^[33]

Issues of Turkish government image in tourist origin countries[edit]

The reason for the fall in tourism is attributed to a general increase in political violence, political tension with Russia, and terrorist attacks,^[34][35][2] and to the bad image that the increasingly authoritarian policies of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have given to Turkey.^[36] As by Faruk Şen, head of the Turkish European Foundation for Education and Scientific Studies: 'German tourists are not afraid of bombs; if fewer German tourists are now coming to Turkey, that is because of the country’s image. In Germany, if you say “I’m going to Turkey, this is now perceived meaning ‘I’m going to a dictator’s country.’”'^[3]

After months of detention of journalists and political activists including foreigners in Turkey, the government of Germany in July 2017 issued a travel warning to its citizens.^[37] It was also reported that Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan had offered to release detained German citizens of Turkish descent in exchange for delivery of Turks who had been granted political asylum in Germany.^[38]

Government policy and regulation[edit]

The AKP government has been promoting 'halal tourism' for years,^[39] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016.^[40] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator website Booking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence,^[41] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover.^[42]

In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city of Antalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings.^[43]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'42 million tourists visit Turkey in 2014'. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
2. ^ ^abcd'Turkey's tourism industry reels from a year to forget'. The Guardian. 5 October 2016.
3. ^ ^ab'Turkish–German ties at historic low, says scholar Faruk Şen'. Hürriyet Daily News. 21 November 2016.
4. ^ ^ab'32.4 mln foreigners visit Turkey in 2017: Tourism Ministry'. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
5. ^ ^ab'Tourism in Turkey starts recovery'. ITIJ. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
6. ^'DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVING FOREIGN VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES (2016-2018) JANUARY-DECEMBER'.
7. ^Maierbrugger, Arno (25 January 2013). 'Turkey plans world's biggest airport'. Inside Investor. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
8. ^'Number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul plunges for first time in 16 years'. Hürriyet Daily News. 6 January 2017.
9. ^Tilic, L. Dogan (5 April 2010). 'Antalya: The Tourism Capital of Turkey'. European Business Review. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
10. ^'Turkey rich in 'blue flags' – TRAVEL'. Hürriyet Daily News. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
11. ^'Capadocia'(PDF).
12. ^'2012 Tourism Highlights'(PDF). UNWTO. June 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
13. ^Kafanov, Lucy (19 August 2015). 'Violence costing Turkey precious tourism, even far from the fighting'. The Christian Science Monitor.
14. ^'4.9 pct less tourists in Turkey in June'. DailySabah. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
15. ^'It is now time for Turkey's tourism sector to raise revenue'. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
16. ^'Erdoğan calls on citizens abroad: 'Come to Turkey for vacation''. Hürriyet Daily News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
17. ^'Turkey's Economy Contracts for First Time Since 2009'. The Wall Street Journal. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
18. ^'German travelers booking in Spain, Greece instead of Turkey: Association'. Hürriyet Daily News. 21 April 2017.
19. ^'Turkey hopes for German comeback'. FVW. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
20. ^Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey. 'Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and Citizens, December 2016'. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
21. ^NUMBER OF ARRIVING-DEPARTING VISITORS, FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017
22. ^'DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVING FOREIGN VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES (2016-2018) JANUARY-DECEMBER'.
23. ^ ^abPage, Stephen J.; Connell, Joanne (2007). Tourism : a modern synthesis (2. ed.). London [u.a.]: Thomson. p. 508. ISBN1844801985. The PKK has emulated ETA's letter campaign warning foreign companies against sending tourists to Turkey, bombed tourism sites and hotels, and kidnapped foreign tourists.
24. ^ ^abBarnhart, Stephen R. (2002). International terrorism and political violence : the entity of trans-national criminal organisations and new terrorisms in the Balkans-Middle East and Eastern Europe, and its effect on the entire world! : memoirs of secret agents and organizations from 'around the world'. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford. p. 117. ISBN1553692438.
25. ^Feridun, Mete (2011) Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: empirical evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics, 43 (24). pp. 3349–3354. ISSN0003-6846 (print), ISSN1466-4283 (online) (doi:10.1080/00036841003636268)
26. ^Duran, Aram Ekin; Özdemir, Sinem (10 August 2015). 'Turkish tourism hit by security concerns'. Deutsche Welle.
27. ^'Suruc bombing: Is it safe to travel in Turkey following suicide attack?'. The Independent. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
28. ^'Turkey Travel Warning'. travel.state.gov. Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
29. ^'Turkey warning: US advises of threats to Istanbul and Antalya'. BBC. 9 April 2016.
30. ^'Turkey terrorism: US Embassy releases emergency warning over 'credible threat' of attack on tourist areas'. Independent. 9 April 2016.
31. ^'Airlines, governments suspend Turkey flights after coup'. The Times of Israel. 16 July 2016.
32. ^'Security Message: Turkey Travel Warning'. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.
33. ^'U.S. lifts ban on flights to and from Turkey after coup bid'. Reuters. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
34. ^'Turkish 2015 tourism revenues fall 8.3 pct to $31.46 bln: Data'. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
35. ^'Turkey tourism industry is latest to fall at hands of ISIS'. Daily Maildate=29 June 2016.
36. ^'Ahead of referendum, Europeans boycott Turkey and tourism suffers'. USA Today. 15 April 2017.
37. ^'Bundesregierung verschärft Reisehinweise für Türkei' (in German). DER SPIEGEL. 20 July 2017.
38. ^'Erdogan soll Austausch von Yücel gegen Ex-Generäle angeboten haben' (in German). DER SPIEGEL. 20 July 2017.
39. ^'Turkey sees rise in halal tourism'. BBC. 25 August 2014.
40. ^'How Turkey plans to boost halal tourism'. Al Monitor. 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
41. ^'Turkey has banned Booking.com but the website isn't backing down'. The Independent. 30 March 2017.
42. ^'Turkish hotelier association asks court to lift ban on Booking.com'. Hürriyet Daily News. 6 April 2017.
43. ^'Statement on alcohol ban in outdoor locations in Turkey's Antalya sparks debate'. Hürriyet Daily News. 28 April 2017.

External links[edit]

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